The Human Paradox Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Depression

The Human Paradox Human Inconsistency: Dostoevsky's Notes From Underground Prof. Qasim Ghazanfar ENG215-OBC Gillorie Myrthil Proposal: Dostoevsky's hyper and burdensome scenes supported in his capacity to appropriately outline the functions of the human psyche, through his composition. Framework: I. Presentation II. What is Manic Depression and Depression? III. Different Writers with Mental Illnesses IV. Dostoevsky's Life V. Investigation of Notes? VI. End Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, writer of a few acclaimed books-including Notes From Underground-a semi-self-portraying story, presented another type of composing, continuous flow, to Russia and Europe. Before long, this type of composing that would turn into the characteristic of the Existentialist, spread to the America's. Curiously enough, the continuous flow that showed itself in his composing was really the result of a state of mind issue, which can be portrayed by strongly passionate musings. Trapped in a break of differentiating musings, the Manic-Depressive-regularly blessed with unrivaled aesthetic capacities, can be canny to the methods of man. Hyper misery can clinically be characterized as a temperament issue with two differentiating states: madness and discouragement. There must be an event of at least one Manic or Mixed scenes and frequently, the individual has additionally had at least one Major Depressive scenes previously. In Manic-Depressive issue, otherwise called Bipolar confusion, the hyper and burdensome scenes repeat in changing degrees of force. The DSM-IV depicts Manic and Depressive scenes as: The basic element is an unmistakable period when the prevalent state of mind is either raised, far reaching or peevish, and when there are related side effects of the hyper condition. These side effects incorporate hyperactivity, weight of discourse, trip of thoughts, expanded confidence, diminished requirement for rest, distractibility, and over the top inclusion in exercises that have a high potential for agonizing results, which are not perceived. The manual portrays burdensome scenes as: The fundamental element is either a dysphoric state of mind, typically melancholy, or loss of intrigue or joy in most regular exercises and spend times. This aggravation is conspicuous, moderately relentless, and related with different side effects of the burdensome disorder. These side effects incorporate hunger aggravation, change in weight, rest unsettling influence, psychomotor fomentation or hindrance, diminished vitality, sentiments of uselessness or blame, trouble focusing or thinking, and musings of death or self destruction, or self-destructive endeavors. Hyper Depression is likewise because of a biochemical irregularity in the cerebrum. These biochemical responses incorporate the expanding and diminishing of intra-and extracellular sodium, chloride, and potassium (Beck 65). The slanting and declining of these capacities bolster the differentiating hyper and burdensome dispositions. The soul of virtuoso no free-skimming, total force, however is carefully bound to the laws of natural chemistry and the endocrine organs. This again credits hyper sadness can invigorate masterfulness. In spite of the fact that it is hard to demonstrate Manic-Depressive issue among the individuals who have died, the event of this conduct and has been followed through letters kept in touch with loved ones, and individual records. Innovative individuals, for example, Keats, Woolf, and Dostoevsky, have been named among the individuals who had this disease. Keats' notes and letters were proof of his savage emotional episodes; his medical procedure address notes, adorned with numerous off the cuff outlines in the edges were proof of his wide-extending interests, and furthermore of his fluctuating nature. Woolf got fierce and capricious in her hyper scenes, and when she was in a burdensome state, she scarcely talked or ate, and endeavored self destruction. Conceived in the medical clinic for poor people, Dostoevsky was the second of seven kids. He drove an upbeat and quiet youth where he held specific warm emotions towards his family. It isn't anomalous for one with the Manic-burdensome disorder to carry on with an existence of regularity? that is, obviously, until a component of unpleasantry enters his life (Ostow 82). His dad, killed by his own serfs, had a hot tempered and fractious perspective. His mom, depicted as delicate and touchy with an abstract and melodic ability, kicked the bucket when Fyodor was fifteen-years of age. In the wake of moving on from St. Petersburg's Academy of Military Engineers as lieutenant, he was allocated to a military office. Dostoevsky worked there for one year before he understood that working in a division gave him no fulfillment, and that he needed to compose and fill in as a creator. Afterward, he got familiar with the idealistic communist gathering, for which he appeared to have become strongman. This affiliation got him four years in Siberian jail. Following a four-year remain at the

American Immigration Essay -- United States History Historical Essays

American Immigration During the mid 1900’s a tremendous measure of individuals both moved and relocated to the United States looking for cash, better occupations, new lives, and so on. However, the individuals who moved and relocated to the United States were each a piece of various societies: from Italian to German, French to Jewish, Irish to African (American Cities/New York/African American/Intergroup Relations/Color Lines). New York City was a prime area for the outsiders and vagrants of an opportunity to make their new lives. They kidded that â€Å"The Jews own New York, the Irish run it and the Negroes appreciate it† (American Cities/New York/African American/Intergroup Relations/Color Lines). The single line obviously shows how each gathering, Jewish, Italian, and African American, had unmistakable encounters from each other. Despite the fact that they had encounters that were unique, the foreigners and vagrants all accomplished a portion of similar emotions, being in another spot, b eing victimized and being distant from everyone else. In the wake of moving and moving to the United States, Eastern European Jews, Italians, and African Americans had encounters that were one of a kind just as like one another.      The first experience of outsiders and transients was the region of neighborhood they decided to live in. In New York, African Americans relocated essentially to Harlem, yet were dispersed in various neighborhoods. This was a perfect area for African Americans, since â€Å"most individuals in New York were so bustling they hadn’t time to spend despising other people† (American Cities/New York/African American/Intergroup Relations/Color Lines). Albeit the greater part of the New Yorkers didn't separate, there was as yet a segment of the populace that contained Southern whites, who felt that the African Americans were assuming control over the white neighborhoods (American Cities/New York/African American/Intergroup Relations/Color Lines). Inside these areas was the place the African Americans experienced preference and oppression (Global View/Arrival/Northern Train Stations/letters/The Exodus During the World War). Despite the fact that the African American s moved north to get away from the impacts of subjection, the biases despite everything tailed them to New York, where being spread over the city didn't help.      The Italians and the Eastern European Jews, then again, moved to New York â€Å"as part of a bigger family, kinfolk or vi... ...merican goals to demonstrate that.      Eastern European Jews, Italians and African Americans had encounters, which permitted the gatherings to interface and feel as one gathering, moving and relocating to locate a superior life, and furthermore isolated them from each other. Through the areas they lived in, the associations and places of worship they started, the employments they worked in, and tolerating American beliefs as their own, the foreigners were comparable in their encounters. The African Americans experienced more preferences because of their race then the Italians or the Jews. This, by and large, influenced their lifestyle and encounters in America, while the Italians and Jews drove genuinely ordinary American lives. This equivalent issue of driving American Ideals upon foreigners to forestall segregation is as yet an issue today. Should the main path for workers and vagrants to live charming lives are to comply with American beliefs and ethics, or should every individual be permitted the decisi on to appear as something else and not experience suspicions made by the American Citizens? Individuals ought to be dealt with similarly whether they decide to acclimatize or keep on following their way of life. This is the place that is known for the free home of the valiant.

How to Write an Analytical Essay

As implied by name, an analytical essay definition reveals that it is all about scholastic analysis on a topic. Topics can be of different types where there is enough scope of research and space for explaining things from different scholastic approaches. The piece of writing can be about a movie, a place, a journey, or about a character of a book; however, here you need to understand the topic in its multiple layers for an in-depth study. In order to write an analytical scholastic write-up, you may need to dissect each of the theme’s components in a way so that the topics get analyzed from all possible angles. The best part of this type of writing is that here, the writer can fuse her personal insight along with academic evidence to pave the way for inducing the flavor of academic analysis in the course of the paper. What is an analysis essay? The question â€Å"what is an analytical essay† has an academic significance. As a writer, you need to follow the topic analysis step by step in a way that helps readers in enjoying a new critical side of the topic following some already existing scholastic evidence. This type of creative paper does not create anything fundamentally new in its scripting course, but gives an assertion of personal analytic perspective altogether. In other words, an analytical piece of writing is scripting critical analysis of a subject without hammering any general notion about a topic in its academic sense. Prewriting your essay Writing good analytical essay is not an overnight process of scripting something. Rather it will be better to say that after meticulous thought processing and refining the research skill, the base material of a thesis gets sprouted. Needless to mention that prewriting such an assignment is the homework done before writing an analytic essay that reads well, and it is true from its evidential perspective. Let’s take a look at the steps of this pre-writing phase; here is an analytical essay writing guide so that you can start working on the analytical paper you are assigned with: Cherry pick a topic for scripting the essay: the topic should be an interesting one where you can add some twists and tweaks. The topic should have enough scope of research so that you can add an academic approach against personal insight so that the paper reaches its height and depth. Organize the entire idea and collect supportive documents to validate the thought processing of the analysis essay. The entire part of pre-writing has to be in lucid language: analysis has to be done in a way that readers can readily understand and appreciate. Proper supportive evidence is one of the quintessential factors of this type of presentation: before narrating the evidence, it is always better to check its relevance to the topic and the methodology of the theme’s presentation. 3rd person narration and small sentences is the most preferred analytical essay format globally accepted. Before you start writing the piece, organize the whole thought so that you can present the theme in small blocks. Write down all points so that none of them escape your mind while scripting the entire paper. It is always good to map the entire content before you start writing the paper. It will help you in organizing the entire arguments in a comprehensive way that clearly indicates its analytical approach toward the topic, and you will never be confused about how to write an analytical essay. Handy suggestions for writing analytical essay Scripting an analytical essay is indeed challenging because you have to fuse different elements altogether in maintaining a complete logical and reasonable approach. The basic components for writing such an essay are: An interesting introduction should be a grand start of the piece: it has to be a catchy one. The introductory paragraph should have a direct hint about the topic and the analysis you will do to progress your article. At the end of the introductory paragraph, according to the overall structure of analytical essay, the thesis statement should be placed. It is meant for providing a synopsis of the analytical study you will be scripting as the critical explanation and study of topic from academic points of view. After thesis statement, the body paragraphs should contain the main arguments of the essay. These body paragraphs must relate to thesis statement and should offer the arguments with evidence to the readers in a systematic manner. The arguments can be presented 3-5 paragraphs long or may be more extended depending on the evidence you have accumulated so far. All arguments and critical evaluation of the topic should be placed with an investigating approach that means well and reads well. The conclusion of an academic paper means a lot for its writers, readers, and reviewers. It has to be captivating and interesting with a call to action for the readers that will take their review of the essay a step ahead into the domain of perceptive analysis. Scripting an analytical essay can be tricky for students; in these situations, you may count on the expert help from your-writers.net. Here, ace writers will undertake your writing assignment and will complete it by the stipulated deadline. We also offer free revision if any of our written articles gets a call for revision. We offer global service and impeccable customer care service as an added buyer protection for hiring our online writing service. Finalizing the write-up: adding a Midas touch The touch that turns an object into gold is called a Midas touch. Polishing that turns a draft into a skillful analytical paper presentation is called critical finalizing of an assignment. Finalizing of an article or an academic paper stands on writing of its conclusion and proof-reading. The concussing paragraph is called the literary wrapper of the essay. It has to be interesting, clear, and relevant to the introduction of the thesis you have written so far. Maximum 5-9 sentences should be written for the concluding part of an essay. However, if you can complete it in shorter span, it is indeed an advantage. The concluding part of the paper should be written in an analytical and introspecting style so that it matches the overall flavor of the paper. Once the conclusion of an essay is done, ask any of your seniors to review the entire thesis critically. Do not forget to proof read the paper minutely so that it reads good and doesn’t look lose in its readers’ appeal. If you want to get your assignment of writing an analytical essay done in a hassle-free quick process, hiring the professional writing service from your-writers.net is one of the best solutions for you. This is a global service with 247 online availability of the writers for accepting projects from clients. All our writers are qualified and experienced in writing different genres of academic essays. Our writing service is 100% quality assured and we offer custom writing service against your prescribed format.

Narcissus and Echo of Greek Mythology Essay - 539 Words

Greek mythology is one of the grade nine curriculum. The Greeks were religious beings as they prayed to their gods. As a further matter, there were many Greek gods and goddesses where each of them represented something different and were unique in their own ways. On the other hand, many gods and goddesses still had imperfections/flaws like human beings. The Greeks considered their gods were very much like themselves, except more larger and more powerful. There were Olympian gods, Titans, and other gods. In Greek mythology there are plenty of myths and legends to learn about. The most interesting Greek myth is the myth about Narcissus and Echo. This myth includes two morals, a modern flower now named after Narcissus, and the characters are†¦show more content†¦Although the myth about Echo and Narcissus may not have a happy ending, but from Narcissus’ name two words are made. Therefore, if this myth did not exist , today there would not be the words narcissistic and n arcotic. These words relate to this myth because of how Narcissus was so self centered. Moreover, after Narcissus died, a modern flower was named after him. Now is called Narcissus. That being the case, from Narcissus and Echo, a flower and two words are now made. Lastly, the characters in this myth makes it the most interesting myth because the characters are well developed. The characters are realistic, many beings can relate to the way Narcissus was acting because nowadays there are still people who are self conceited. Also, if it was not for Hera, Echo, and Narcissus the myth would not be the same. For instance, Hera, she was the jealous wife of Zeus. Who Zeus employed to keep Hera occupied with gossip while Zeus sneaked out on a romantic adventure. Hera eventually found out and punished her, that she would not speak again, but repeat the same sounds she had already heard. Now, there is Echo which cannot speak , but repeat everything she hears. For this reason, she could not r eveal her love for Narcissus. Also, Narcissus the one who is self centered, who believed that nobody matched him. All the characters had something unique about them, the myth would not of been then same without them. In conclusion: these are some of theShow MoreRelatedMythology vs Natural World: How mythology helped to explain aspects of the natural world to the ancient Greeks1289 Words   |  6 PagesGreek myths are all that s left of the ancient Greek religion, in which beauty, poetry, and creative activities were a vital part of the tradition. Centuries ago, the Greeks created numerous stories and poems, which are still being shared today, that showed their view of the world that existed not only in the mind of the Greek poets, but in the hearts of the humble and long suffering natives of ancient Greece. From the stories of the Olympians, to heroes greatest adventures and from romantic storiesRead MoreHidden788 Words   |  4 PagesEcho and Narcissus Introduction This is an old story about a Greek myth. The story is told in the III Book of the Metamorphoses. It was then retold by Roger Lancelyn Green (1918-1987) an English novelist. The characters in this story are mainly Greek mythology characters such as: Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite, Echo, Narcissus, a nymph and another god. Exposition In a mountain in Greece lived the Ureades, nymphs or fairies. There was this beautiful nymph, which was one of the most talkative calledRead MoreStay Out of Our Lives!1204 Words   |  5 Pageson his wife Hera, who then out of jealousy curses the poor women! Hera is known for being revengeful on those who interfere with her marriage to Zeus. But what she doesn’t see is that most of the time the poor girl was just a victim. Unless you’re Echo; she did deserve her punishment, and you will see why. But the only reason this all happened was because one god couldn’t stay faithful. There are many stories of Zeus the God of Olympus falling for or preying on innocent women. Then his wife findsRead MoreGreek Mythology : Ancient Greeks1835 Words   |  8 PagesThe Ancient Greeks believed in many gods and heroes during their time. Each one had a sole purpose in a mortal’s lifetime. Greek mythology had a huge impact on religion in Ancient Greece. The Greeks performed rituals in order to honor their gods. Mythology affected the Ancient Greeks in many ways. The origins of mythology, the influences of mythology through a human’s lifetime and lessons taught in the ancient myths will be examined. Why Greek mythology was created Greek mythology was createdRead MoreSymbolism in Thomas Manns Story \1621 Words   |  7 Pagesto follow the instructions or to inform his passenger of how much the ride will cost, saying simply, You will pay. 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The geography of Greece also shaped Greek mythologyRead MoreMythological Explanations Of The Natural World1449 Words   |  6 Pagesshould act and live out their lives are the wondrous Greek myths. Surprisingly enough, each Greek myth has its own story that explains how certain aspects of the world came to be, whether it be tangible objects like the sun or the moon, or intangible ideas like love and hate. Nonetheless, each myth provided an explanation of the unknown, and in todays presentation, my topic is solely about Greek mythological explanations of nature. When the Greeks observed the marvelous wondrous of nature around them;Read MoreGreek Mythology in Death in Venice by Thomas Mann1941 Words   |  8 Pagesthis paper I will look to discuss Greek myths and how they are significant to Death in Venice and how these myths are used as metaphors within the novella. Myths and legends act as a form of moral regulation within society (Morford et al. 2013). They pose an extreme situation followed by what is deemed the â€Å"wrong choice† that is followed by extreme consequences to the character’s choice. Within Mann’s Death in Venice there are several instance s of Greek mythology being used as metaphors that foreshadowRead More Symbols, Symbolism and Irony in Thomas Manns Death in Venice2018 Words   |  9 Pagesalive for the first time, he is faced with impending death. Mythology also plays an enormous role in the story, and mythological references are ever-present.   The undertones of these references seek to create parallels between the tragic Greek gods and the lives of Aschenbach and Tadzio.   Tadzio is described in mythical terms and compared to Greek sculpture, to Eros, the god of love, to Hyacinthus and Narcissus.   In Greek mythology, Hyacinthus is a handsome young Spartan boy who is loved by ApolloRead MoreGreek Mythology Of Greek Gods2349 Words   |  10 PagesHannah Gjovik Don Juan Avila Middle School Mythology 1. Zeus made Cronus throw up his siblings then cut him into little bits and threw them into Tartarus. 2. Poseidon; I’ve always wanted to control water so if I could control the seas, that’d be awesome. 3. One example is when Hera punishes the mortal women that Zeus would fall in love with. It is not always justified because sometimes Zeus would trick them into it, yet Hera punished them and not him. They believe that humans need consequences. 4

New Research On Alzheimer s Disease - 1405 Words

New Research in Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. To date, it is officially ranked as the sixth leading cause of death in the United States; however, recent estimates indicate that the disorder may actually rank third, just behind heart disease and cancer, as a cause of death for older people. Alzheimer’s, also known as senile dementia, is predominantly the most common cause of dementia among older adults. Dementia is the loss of cognitive functioning and behavioral abilities, particularly thinking, remembering, and reasoning, to such an extent that it interferes with an†¦show more content†¦Most people with the disease generally begin to experience symptoms during their mid-60s. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s include serious memory loss and confusion, which may indicate that brain cells are failing. The most common early symptom of Alzheimer s is difficulty remembering newly learned information, since Alzheimer s changes typically begin in the section of the brain that affects learning. As the disease spreads throughout the brain, it leads to increasingly severe symptoms, including disorientation, mood and behavior changes, and confusion about events, time and place. In addition, some people may experience changes in their ability to develop and follow a plan or work with numbers, such as keeping track of monthly bills or following a recipe. Some individuals experience vision problems, causing difficulty in reading, judging distance, and determining color or contrast, which may cause problems with driving. People with Alzheimer s may also have new problems words regarding speaking or writing, such as trouble following or joining a conversation. They might stop in the middle of a conversation and be confused about how to continue, or may repeat themselves. Unusual changes in judg ment or decision-making is one of the many symptoms patients experience as well. Patients alsoShow MoreRelatedSymptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease715 Words   |  3 PagesAlzheimer’s disease has long been considered as a irremediable illness for old people. According to the data collected by Alzheimer s Association(2016), the overall 5.4 million American suffers from Alzheimer s disease, and this population is growing in a certain rate for majority of this population aged 65 and up. Identify possible Alzheimer’s symptom could be rather difficult because people are lack of the awareness of their implicit illness, which later contribute to the Alzheimer s disease. AlsoRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease930 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Kevin Arnold from the Wonder Years said â€Å"Memory is a way of holding on to the things you love, the things you are, and the things never want to lose.† Memories are the things that are upheld, whether good or bad, those memories are imprinted in the mind and cannot be taken away that is, until later in life. As one ages it is natural for some memories to fade. Loss of memories and brain function deficits that occur and are not from normal aging may indicate a person is sufferingRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : The Most Common Form Of Dementia1427 Words   |  6 PagesDementia, known as one of the world s current pandemics, is estimated to be the fourth most common cause of death in the developed country, second only to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases and cancer. 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Most individuals that are diagnosed withRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Horrific Change1460 Words   |  6 Pages Alzheimer s disease which chronically leads to Senile Dementia, is a horrific change in homeostasis for human beings. The most obvious change in homeostasis from Alzheimer s is loss of memory. Memory loss can vary from short term to long term. Alzheimer s disease has been occurring in humans for a long time. This is a disease that affects different body systems, and interrupts homeostasis to a significant point. As Alzheimer s disease is further investigated, there are more discoveries withRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease1063 Words   |  5 Pageshelp the effects of Alzheimer’s disease, many of these treat the symptoms but not the cause. One specific medication, cholinesterase inhibitors is not fully understood but it is believed to help decrease the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter (About Alzheimer s Disease: Treatment, n.d.). 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By Dick Harkes | Submitted On August 17, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest What is Alzheimer s Disease Through Alzheimer s Disease healthy neurons are destroyedRead More Alzheimers Disease Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pages Alzheimers Disease Alzheimer ¡Ã‚ ¦s disease is a slow, progressive, and degenerative disease of the brain. This disease is marked by a gradual loss of memory and other cognitive functions. quot;Alzheimers Disease is also known as the most common cause of dementia--a general term referring to the loss of memory and the ability to think, reason, function, and behave properlyquot; (Medina,1999). 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Merck - River Blindness free essay sample

Business Ethics. Concepts and cases 4th edt. , Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1998 River blindness is an agonizing disease that affects some 18 million impoverished people living in remote villages along the banks of rivers in tropical regions of Africa and Latin America. The disease is caused by a tiny parasitic worm that is passed from person to person by the bite of the black fly which breeds in river waters.The tiny worms burrow under a persons skin where they grow as long as two feet curled up inside ugly round nodules half an inch to an inch in diameter. Inside the nodules the worms reproduce by releasing millions of microscopic offsprings called microfilaria that wriggle their way throughout the body moving beneath the skin, discoloring it as they migrate, and causing lesions and such intense itching that victims sometimes commit suicide. Eventually, the microfilaria invade the eyes and gradually blind the victim. Spraying pesticides to eradicate the black fly faltered when it developed an immunity to the pesticides. Moreover, the only drugs available to treat the parasite in humans have been so expensive, have such severe side effects, and require such lenghty hospital stays that the treatments are impractical for the destitute victims who live in isolated villages. In many countries people have fled the areas along the rivers, abandoning large tracts of rich fertile land. Many of them, however, eventually return because distant lands prove difficult to farm.Most villagers along the rivers come to accept the nodules, the torturous itching, and eventual blindness as an inescapable part of life. In 1979, Dr. William Campbell, a research scientist working for Merck and Company, an American drug company, discovered evidence that one of the companys best-selling animal drugs, Ivermectin, might kill the parasite that causes river blindness. Closer analysis indicated that Ivermectin might provide a low cost, safe, and simple cure for river blindness. Campbell and his research team therefore petitioned Mercks chairman, Dr.P. Roy Vagelos, to allow them to develop a human version of the drug which up to then was used only on animals. Merck managers quickly realized that if the company succeeded in developing a human version of the drug, the victims of the disease were too poor to afford it. The medical research and large-scale clinical testing required to develop a version of the drug for humans could cost over $100 million. It was unlikely the company could recover these costs or that a viable market could develop in the poverty-stricken regions where the disease was rampant.Moreover, even if the drug was affordable, it would be virtually impossible to distribute it since victims lived in remote areas, and had no access to doctors, hospitals, clinics, or commercial drug outlets. Some managers also pointed out that if the drug had adverse side effects when administered to humans, ensuing bad publicity might taint the drug and adversely affect sales of the animal version of the drug which were about $300 million a year. The risk of harmful side effects was heightened by the possibility that incorrect use of the drug in underdeveloped nations could increase the potential for harm and bad publicity.Finally, if a cheap version of the drug was made available, it might be smuggled to black market and sold for use on animals thereby undermining the companys lucrative sales of Ivermectin to veterinarians. Merck managers were undecided what to do. Although the company had worldwide sales of $2 billion a year, its net income as a percent of sales was in decline due to the rapidly rising costs of developing new drugs, the increasingly restrictive and costly regulations being imposed by government agencies, a lull in basic scientific breakthroughs, and a decline in the productivity of company research programs.Congress was getting ready to pass the Drug Regulation Act which would intensify competition in the drug industry by allowing competitors to more quickly copy and market drugs originally developed by other companies. As a result of increasing public concern over rising health costs, government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid had recently put caps on reimbursements for drugs and required cheaper generic drugs in place of the branded name drugs that were Mercks major source of income. In the face of these worsening conditions in the drug industry, Merck managers were reluctant to undertake expensive projects that showed little economic promise, such as the suggested development of a drug for river blindness. Yet without the drug, millions would be condemned to lives of intense suffering, and partial or total blindness. After many earnest discussions among Vagelos and his management team, they came to the conclusion that the potential human benefits of a drug for river blindness were too significant to ignore.Many of the managers felt, in fact, that because of these human benefits the company was morally obligated to proceed in spite of the costs and the slim chance of economic reward. In late 1980, Vagelos and his fellow managers approved a budget that provided the sizable funding needed to develop a human version of Ivermectin. After seven years of expensive research and numerous clinical trials, Merck succeeded in developing a human version of Ivermectin: A sing le pill of the new drug taken once a year would eradicate from the human body all traces of the parasite that caused river blindness and would prevent new infections.Unfortunately, exactly as the company had earlier suspected, no one stepped forward to buy the miraculous new pill. Merck officials pleaded with the World Health Organization, the U. S. Government, and the governments of nations afflicted with the disease, asking that someone — anyone — come forward to buy the drug to protect the 85 million people who were at risk for the disease. None responded to the companys pleas. Merck decided, therefore, that it would give the drug away for free to potential victims.However, this plan proved difficult to implement because, as the company had earlier feared, there were no established distribution channels to get the drug to the people who desperately needed it. Working with the World Health Organization, therefore, the company financed an international committee to provide the infrastructure to distribute the drug safely to people in the third world and to ensure it would not be diverted into the black market to be sold for use on animals. By 1996 the committee, working with government and private voluntary organizations, had provided the drug to millions of people, effectively transforming their lives and relieving the intense sufferings and potential blindness of the disease. Asked why the company had invested so much money and effort into research, developing, manufacturing, and distributing a drug that made no money, Dr. Roy Vagelos replied in an interview that once the company suspected that one of its animal drugs might cure a severe human disease that was ravaging people, the only ethical choice was to develop it.Moreover, people in the third world â€Å"will remember† that Merck helped them, he commented, and would respond favorably to the company in the future. Over the years, the company had learned, Vagelos claimed, that such actions have strategically important long-term advantages. â€Å"When I first went to Japan fifteen years ago, I was told by Japanese business people that it was Merck that brou ght streptomycin to Japan after World War II to eliminate tuberculosis, which was eating up their society. We did that. We didnt make any money. But its no accident that Merck is the largest American pharmaceutical company in Japan today. † [ ]Pundits sometimes quip that â€Å"business ethics† is a contradiction in terms because there is an inherent conflict between ethics and the self-interested pursuit of profit. When ethics conflict with profits, the imply, businesses always choose profits over ethics. Yet, the case of Merck and Company suggests a somewhat different perspective, a perspective that many companies are increasingly taking. The management of this company spent tens of millions of dollars developing a product that they knew had little chance of ever being profitable because they felt they had an ethical obligation to make its potential benefits available to people.In this case, at least, a large and very successful business chose ethics over profits. Moreover, the comments of Vagelos at the end of the case suggest that in the long run, there may be no inherent conflict between ethical behavior and the pursuit of profit. The comments of Vagelos suggest, on the contrary, that ethical behavior creates the kind of goodwill and reputation that expand opportunities for profit. Not all companies, of course, operate like Merck, and many—perhaps even most—companies will not invest in a research and development project that they have good reason to suspect will pro ve unprofitable.A glance at the headlines of newspapers, in fact, will reveal many cases of companies that choose profit over ethics, and enough cases of companies that have profited through unethical behavior. Although companies often engage in unethical behavior, however, habitually unethical behavior is not necessarily a good long-term business strategy for a company. Ask yourself, for example, whether, as a customer, you are more likely to buy from a business that you know is honest and trustworthy or from one that has earned a reputation for being dishonest and crooked?Or ask yourself whether, as an employee, you are more likely to loyally serve a company whose actions toward you are fair and respectful, or one that habitually treats you and other workers unjustly and disrespectfully? Clearly, when companies are competing against each other for customers and for the best workers, the company with a reputation for ethical behavior has an advantage over one with a reputation for being unethical.

Time Of Change Essays - Beowulf, Geats, English-language Films

Time Of Change The amount of bravery and courage displayed by Beowulf in his fights with three different fiends surpasses that of most. Victories over his enemies demand massive power and strength, traits only evident in Beowulf. Each battle appears similar to the others in that Beowulf succeeds in killing his enemy, yet differences exist between the three confrontations. Each of the three battles differs from one another in the preparation leading in to the fight, the means of warfare, and its effect on Beowulf. The preparations made by Beowulf before each of his battles includes different strategies and plots. In preparing for his first battle, Beowulf lures the wretched monster Grendel in to Hrothgars hall. In order to direct Grendel into a favorable location for the fight, Beowulf sacrifices a Geat soldier. A helpless, despairing soldier perished when, Grendel snatched at the first Geat he came to, ripped him apart, cut his body to bits with powerful jaws, drank the blood from his veins and bolted him down, hands and feet (739). Prior to the clash, Beowulf calculated the importance of good fighting grounds. This brutal sacrifice granted Beowulf a favorable location to attack Grendel. To prepare for the battle with Grendels mother, Beowulf armored himself with chain mail and trudged out to the marsh of Grendels mothers residence. He ventured to find the greedy she-wolf whod ruled those waters for half a hundred years (1511). Rather than allowing Grendels mother to search for him, Beowulf s plashed down into the water with fearful Geats looking on. Beowulf chose to attack Grendels mother, opposed to allowing her come to him. A more aggressive approach gave him an early advantage in the fight. Old age crept up on Beowulf, the most experienced warrior of all, yet he placed aside his age and pronounced he would battle The Dragon, with his sights set on winning treasure. These fortunes included those discovered at Sutton Hoo, which were a helmet, gold coins and silver bowls (Sutton Hoo 34). Beowulfs courage and valor surface when he says, Ive never known fear; as a youth I fought in endless battles. I am old, now, but I will fight again, seek fame still, if the dragon hiding in his tower dares to face me (2511). Death seemed a likely possibility for Beowulf in the confrontation with The Dragon. This dual presented him with three main threats. In the Anglo-Saxon work The Seafarer, the old sailor identified these three threats when he says, No man has ever faced the dawn cer tain which of Fates three threats would fall: illness, or age, or an enemys sword, snatching the life from this soul (Seafarer 68). Knowing this battle would be the toughest he had ever faced, Beowulf prepared himself with armor, a shield, and a sword. The challenge of The Dragon surpassed any other previously presented to Beowulf; therefore weapons and protection were necessary. Each fight involving Beowulf saw him presented with different problems and challenges, therefore preparation for these fights altered between each. The means and methods of warfare differ in the battles involving Beowulf. In the fight with Grendel, Beowulf insisted on using no weapons other than his bare hands. Beowulfs mentality becomes evident when he says, This fiend is a bold and famous fighter, but his claws and teeth scratching my shield, his clumsy fists beating at my sword blade, would be helpless. I will meet him with my hands empty (679). Beowulf takes pride in winning fair battles. Using weapons would, in his mind, give him an unfair advantage against the man-eating beast, thus making a victory dishonorable. The means of warfare in the clash between Beowulf and Grendels mother involved weapons, rather than sheer power. Grendels mother uses swords, and Beowulf uses chain mail and a helmet to protect himself. Beowulf swung his sword, his ring-marked blade, straight at her head; then iron sang its fierce song, sang Beowulfs strength (1543). Battling Grendels mother required much more protection than fighting her son, due to her immense strength and power. Even the sharpest and most deadly of Beowulfs weapons failed to penetrate the hide of her neck. The means of warfare used by The Dragon and Beowulf in