Controlling as the Vital Function of Management Essay

Controlling as the Vital Function of Management - Essay Example Controlling functions and techniques are exercised in all functional areas of management such as finance, marketing, human resource, production, etc. The process of control is very much associated with planning, the primary function of management. Both these functions are complementary to each other in the sense that either of these has no meaning unless the other is performed. In simple terms, controlling is the process of ensuring that all activities are in conformity with what has been planned already. It is the act of identifying any deviation from the standard performance by comparing it with the actual performance. Controlling function is not complete once the deviations are identified. Correcting the deviation, if any, is also under the purview of controlling process. It is a four-step process of establishing performance standards based on the firm's objectives, measuring and reporting of actual performance, comparing the two, and taking corrective or preventive actions, if necessary. Henry Fayol defines controlling as " in an undertaking, control consists in verifying whether everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instructions issued, and principles established, It has for an object to point out weaknesses and errors in order to rectify them and prevent recurrence. It operates on everything-things, people actions." Performance standards are ... Corrective action is warranted only when actual performance is below standards to ensure that the problem will not recur. On the other hand, if the performance is greater than or equal to standards, the behavior or system because of which it happened will be reinforced. Characteristics of Controlling Process Controlling is a never-ending process. Organisations which strive for improved performance will keep on controlling the activities of all areas. The exercise of controlling process is cyclical in nature which permanently observes the discrepancies of actual performance and corrects such deviations. Controlling is inseparably associated with planning function as the former cannot be exercised without the latter. In other words, planning is pointless unless it is accompanied by controlling. Because, mere establishment of standards alone will not bring success in business, rather, it must be compared with the actual continuously. Controlling is both anticipatory and retrospective. It expects problems and takes preventive action. With corrective actions, the process also follows up on problems. It employs a number of techniques based on the nature and area of problems. Controlling process ensures successful and efficient performance from executors who are held responsible for discrepanci es. However, employees are reluctant to have a control mechanism in the organization as it constantly evaluates their performance in terms of what is needed by the organization.

Immortality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immortality - Essay Example The influence of immortality has had a basis in human society for thousands and thousands of years. Whereas many people will fantasise about the idea that our physical bodies may surpass their lifespan, it is now universally accepted that no one can live forever (in the physical sense); yet the debate as to whether there is some essence, namely the human soul, that 'lives on' after our physical body has passed away continues to fuel much debate. Thousands of years ago the search for the Philosopher's Stone, a red coloured compound which was believed to greatly prolong human life, as well as turn metal into gold (and thus bring wealth as well as long life), became the holy grail of the medieval world. Buddhism in particular places much emphasis on the belief that our 'essence' moves from creature to creature through reincarnation, that we are reborn into a new body each time our physical one dies, and that our actions in the last body determine which new body we are put into. Christia nity, unlike Buddhism believes that our actions in this life determine whether we spend the rest of eternity in Heaven of Hell. There are many people who will then go on to argue that if a person does not go to Heaven or Hell, they will become trapped in Limbo, wandering 'in between' the astral planes. Christian beliefs seem to have derived a lot from the teachings of Plato, be it that the changed Gods to God. The fact that immortality has played such an integral role in society and religion raises many questions. It begs an answer to the question 'what is motivating people to look for things (namely religious beliefs and actual objects, such as the Philosopher's Stone), that will secure their immortality Why do people want to live forever' Moving on from this question then we can ask 'are religious systems and people in powerful positions manipulating people's belief (particularly in the immortality of the soul, and hence the fate of it after death), in immortality to control their actions' A King, for example in medieval England could use the Church as a vehicle for ensuring that all his subjects obey his every order. Yes, it was believed that a King had 'divine right,' but were these 'rights' believed to be from God or were they a creation of the Monarchy, or an age old belief that the monarchy had corrupted The King could easily have, and did, punish heretics, using their deaths as a warning to others that if they too committed heresy their souls would be damned to hell, because an insult to the King is an insult to God himself.It follows from this that I am sceptical of the idea that the soul will ascend or descend to its Christian resting place. Whilst I too humour the idea of the soul, I find myself drawn towards the idea of reincarnation. Perhaps it is my ego, yet as I sit and think, I cannot help but recall the teachings of Hume. He stated that we could never know our 'true self,'1 be that our soul or something else, because all we can ever experience (Hume was a renowned advocate of Empiricism2), is our perceptions. I am aware that I am constantly in a 'perceptive state' (thinking, reasoning, unconsciously or consciously), I cannot see how

Fact Sheet Essay Example for Free

Fact Sheet Essay n the United States, there are approximately 1.7 million people who are suffering from limb loss. There are around 185,000 amputation related discharges in the U.S annually. Limb loss is greatest among those who are suffering from diabetes. Most of these people resort to the use of artificial limbs and joints. The use of prosthetics or the artificial limbs and joints is not new in science. The use thereof can be traced back to ancient Egypt. However, the formal use of artificial legs and amputation as life saving measures were only recognized in 1529 through the efforts of Ambroise Pare. Despite the evolution and introduction of different kinds of prosthetics, the three main parts remain to be the same. These three basic parts are the pylon, socket and suspension system. Among the modern prosthetics used is the Micro-Processor C-leg. This type of prosthetic is quite costly but the effects thereof are satisfying. Through this leg, a disabled patient can walk, climb, ride a bicycle and even play golf. The use of prosthetics provides wide range of advantages. Among the notable advantages is the mobility that it provides to the disabled patient. Another is the restoration of self-confidence in the patient by allowing him to function normally. Â  Among the disadvantages are intrinsic and extrinsic pain, skin complications, as well as limited movement. Despite the fact that prosthetics allow one to perform his daily tasks, this does not mean that the artificial leg is as efficient as the normal arms or legs.

Reggae Icons, Jamaican Culture, and Homophobia Essay -- Essays Papers

Reggae Icons, Jamaican Culture, and Homophobia "The world is in trouble/Anytime Buju Banton come/ Batty boy get up and run/ ah gunshot in ah head man/Tell dem crew†¦ it’s like/ Boom bye bye, in a batty boy head, rude boy nah promote no nasty man, them hafi dead." The average member of the reggae dancehall culture knows the message that this song is sending to its listeners. However, without a translation these lyrics do not mean a thing to someone who is not familiar with this culture and the vocabulary of dancehall artists. Translated the lyrics read: "The world is in trouble/When Buju Banton arrives/Faggots have to run/Or get a bullet in the head /Bang-bang, in a faggot’s head/Homeboys don’t condone nasty men/They must die." These lyrics from the song "Boom Bye Bye" by Buju Banton personify the manner in which the reggae dancehall culture of Jamaica views homosexuals. These lyrics will always be part of dancehall history because of the controversy they started amongst the homosexual North American community, who were offended by Buju Banton’s lyrics. The controversy brought about the question of whether this was a problem due to cultural differences or a hate crime against a group that is considered a minority, homosexuals. This song brings forth issues and different beliefs that are present in the Jamaican culture that contradicts those of the North American culture. The lyrics of dancehall reggae music in Jamaica seem to encourage the taunting and violence towards homosexuals. Of course it is normal for most reggae songs to deal with the social concerns and religious beliefs of Jamaicans because it is a big representation of the Jamaican culture. Homosexuals are looked down upon as outcasts because of their sexuality. Homop... ...ut his culture. I believe anyone, not only musicians, but any artist should be able to express themselves and their beliefs through their work. If it is the norm in your society to believe something is wrong then how can you expect a prominent artist to express himself in a manner that goes against the norm of his society. Personally I believe that he is signing about his culture and no one, no matter what the situation, should be criticized for expressing his or her beliefs. In conclusion the deeply rooted homophobia that is mistakably reflected in Banton’s lyrics and that, more importantly, pervades the Jamaican society, is a very controversial issue. Not only is there the question of whether Banton is correct because he is singing about his culture but despite the fact that he is expressing his beliefs does he have any right to threaten the lives of human beings.

Behavioral assessments and personal behavior preferences Essay

In an economic environment, which becoming more challenging and competitive, businesses must look for ways of having the edge. In any organization, the workers are the most essential resource; if they fail to deliver, then the mission of the whole organization is compromised. That is why the human resource department of any organization has a critical role to play and must use an elaborate method that ensures only the best candidates are selected to take on various responsibilities within the organization. One of the techniques employed is behavioral assessment, which I think is a very effective strategy for developing an effective and efficient workforce. Benefits of behavioral assessment in hiring By conducting a behavioral assessment, the hiring officials can determine the personality and work ethics of a potential employee (Eiseman, 2008). They will also be able to determine if the applicant’s habits coincide with the requirements of the job description and if these personal traits augur well for the accomplishment of the organization’s goals (Eiseman, 2008). There is a need to ensure that any hired employee will not clash with other employees as a result of personality differences as these occurrences take up a lot of organization time, time that could be used to deliver results (Warden, 2006). Secondly, behavioral assessment helps determine which position within an organization a candidate is best suited for (Norris, 2009). For example, an applicant vying for an office operations position can exhibit excellent leadership and interpersonal skills. The hiring official can therefore inquire if he or she would be interested in leading a sales team or being in charge of customer relations. The third reason why I support behavioral assessment in the hiring process is that it uncovers personal information that is necessary to determine how coachable the candidate is, how flexible his or her timetable is going to be, his or her anticipated level of engagement and dedication and how tolerant he or she is to sudden changes in working routine or a change in responsibilities (Eiseman, 2008). These qualities can then be weighed against those of other candidates to determine who is best suited to be awarded the opportunity. Personal behavior preference and effective communication Behavioral assessment is not a guideline for hiring; but a tool. Behavioral characteristics are directly related to an individual’s personality; and personality in turn directly manifests itself in how well an individual relates to the people he or she comes into contact with in the process of executing his daily professional and personal duties (Schuler & Briscoe, 2004). Therefore, if an employer has cues about an employee’s behavioral preferences, he or she will know how best to approach the employee and how to interact with him or her while causing minimum friction. This augurs well for a harmonious coexistence within a common working environment. The communication between the two parties is bound to be more effective if the behavioral traits and personal preferences have been determined before they entered into a contractual agreement. In return, effective communication contributes greatly to efficiency and productivity (Schuler & Briscoe, 2004). Conclusion  Over the last several years, behavioral assessment has become a widely used tool in human resource management. In fact, 90 percent of Fortune 500 companies employ this tool while hiring new employees (Warden, 2006). Its widespread use is attributable to the fact that the information it yields is invaluable in predicting workplace behavior, individual potential of each worker and communication strategies to use (Norris, 2009). These insights are very essential in the formulation of team and leadership building, capacity development, conflict resolution and succession strategies for the entire organization.

Aristotle s Philosophy On Ethics - 1330 Words

Nicomachean ethics is the name of Aristotle’s work on ethics based on his lectures. It is said that Nicomachean ethics were named after either Aristotle’s father or son , as they were both named Nicomachus. Aristotle believed that happiness is what makes a person pure. To prove his point, Aristotle believed that there were four moral virtues that worked together; the virtue of great soul, the virtue of justice, the virtue of practical judgment and the virtue of being a truly good friend. Ten books have been written from Aristotle’s lecture notes. Aristotle’s first seven books focus on the virtues he believed were important and was believed to have his thoughts on ethics based on Plato and Socrates philosophy. In the first seven books, Aristotle goes over basic virtues and how they relate to each other and to moral values. Over the next few paragraphs, I will explain my understandings of Aristotle’s virtues from these books. In Book I, Aristotle starts to discuss what Plato stated about the Theory of Forms, but mainly wants to define happiness, what is also known as Eudaimonia. Aristotle states in Book I, three ways in which people associate with happiness; â€Å"slavish way of pleasure (majority of people), refined and active way of politics, (which aims at honor), and the way of contemplation†(Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics). These three things are said to be what people aim for in their own sake of happiness. In Book II, Aristotle speaks about the nature of humanShow MoreRelatedAristotle s Philosophy And Ethics972 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle was a highly respected and well-known Greek philosopher, who studied both science and ethics in abundant detail. When someone famous like that writes his thoughts down on paper, and has great advice for you in your life, you tend to pay attention. In Aristotle’s papers, the Nicomachean Ethics: he defines virtue as â€Å"states of character acquired through habituation, through acting repeatedly in the way that a virtuous person would act, until virtuous action becomes second nature† (AristotleRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy On Ethics2206 Words   |  9 Pages Aristotle was a premier Greek philosopher who had some very interesting concepts on ethics, which are collectively called the Nicomachean Ethics. His collection of work has led to the development of many theories on the basis for human existence. The main question by Aristotl e’s series of lectures is the bane of human existence. According to Aristotle, humans seek happiness (4). If anything promises happiness, then human will go in the direction it leads. Aristotle was also just as interested inRead MoreAristotle s Virtue Ethics Is The Best Philosophy Out Of The Three Men1424 Words   |  6 PagesI believe Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics is the best philosophy out of the three men. 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Aristotle has laid out virtues, which is the importantRead MoreAristotle, The Man Of Thinking1025 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle, the Man of Thinking Aristotle is his name, philosophy is the game. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist who was born in Stagira Greece in 384 B.C. He lived to be 62 years old, which at the time, was a very good lifespan. Aristotle’s place of death was in Chalcis. His full name is Aristotle Stagiritis son of Nicomachus. He had a wife by the name of Hermias and a son with the name of Pythias. 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The American Dream Of Mice and Men - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2617 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: American Dream Essay Of Mice And Men Essay Did you like this example? The Great Depression began with the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929. In the aftermath of this economic downfall many citizens of the United States were left unemployed. In the following years roughly 12 million American men and women would be forced to leave their homes as they had no means to earn a living. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The American Dream Of Mice and Men" essay for you Create order Incapable of generating an income many people were unable to buy food, or afford the resources to live. However, various farmers did not feel the full effect of the crash on Wall Street because a lot of them did not invest in stocks as so many others in urban areas did. Also, because many farmers could provide their own food supply, they did not have to worry about food shortages like countless other people in the United States (Worster 10). Unbeknownst to the farmers however, there was another crisis looming. The Dust Bowl. In 1931 intense sandstorms would start to blow from the Southern Plains to the East Coast. This would cause what could be described as a large, thick blanket of sand and dirt that would cover most, if not all of the farmlands in the Great Plains region. This layer of grit would make the area virtually uninhabitable (Worster 10). The following years would prove to be challenging for many Americans since the Great Depression was coupled with the Dust Bowl. It has been accepted that many of John Steinbeckrs writings are a reflection of the common man during the Great Depression. An era when people were ill-treated due to their class, gender or race. Of Steinbeckrs many works, his novel Of Mice and Men is cited as being one of the best to capture this difficult time and its numerous harsh realities. One such painful reality was that the American Dream had become more of a nightmare. A nightmare that would taunt the nationrs populace. Success, freedom and the promise of prosperity were not only the ideal dream of many but seemed so far out of reach. This ideal dream was once defined by James Truslow Adams in his 1931 writing of The Epic of America, in which he wrote; The American dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to achieve the fullest stature of which they are capable of, and be recognized by others for what they are regardless of the circumstances of birth and position (Adams 10). In John Steinbeckrs Of Mice and Men, the central characters George Milton, a rough jaded man and his simple minded companion Lennie Small roam from town to town in search of work. Aside from just working together. They are friends. Both having a shared dream to own a piece of land that they can work. The problem with the American dream is the concept that The United States is a classless society. A place that is equal on all fronts. However, America as it turns out is not these things. Not to the extent people think anyways. America has its flaws. The idea that America is a place that an individual wont be judged because of their gender, race, class or religion is not true. Aside from these unfortunate facts there is another problem many people fail to see in their pursuit of their version of the American dream. The problem is that many people associate the achievement of happiness with prosperity of material goods. This is exactly what James Truslow Adams was against. He stated in his writing of The Epic of America that men and women would achieve their fullest stature. The stature was supposed to be a personrs reputation. The individualrs achievement through their ability to turn nothing into something. For some people it meant turning a piece of land into a bountiful farm. For others it could be starting a small one shop business and expanding it. When people did well with these ventures they would invest back into themselves, back into their business. There came a time however when the individuals that were working the dream had used their means to purchase things. Others would see how well they were doing because of the things they had, not the work they were doing. These material goods became status symbols. This disconnect often lead people to lose sight of what Adams had in mind. Though it could be argued the idea of owning their own land was more of a way for George to reassure Lennie that he wouldnt leave him. George would be unable to achieve their version of the American dream without Lennie because the dream was a place where they could both be free. It was also a place where George could let Lennie be himself without fear. Throughout the novel it is illustrated that their relationship is emotionally one-sided and dysfunctional at times, however, George still cared deeply for Lennie and the dream wasnt a dream at all without his friend. From the first few pages it is demonstrated that George is Lenniers benefactor. He tries to take care of Lennie, a grown man with the mind similar to that of a small child. George is regularly cited as keeping Lennie out of trouble. The origins of their friendship began when they were children. They grew up together in the same town. Lennie had an Aunt by the name of Clara. It is presumed that Aunt Clara cared for Lennie, before instructing George to care for him when she passes away. George has noted that he used to make fun of Lennie because he was mentally slow. With that said, George reminisced that Lennie started following him to work. Lennie has been with George ever since, with their relationship changing from acquaintances to friends. During the course of the novel Georgers good intentions of being Lenniers caretaker are shown to be compulsive and defeating. Often times leading to George and Lennie having to find work elsewhere. This behavior demonstrated by George could be characterized as co-dependency. George is in a dysfunctional one-sided relationship, where Lennie relies on him for nearly all of his emotional and self-esteem needs. This relationship enables George to develop a sense of reward and satisfaction from being needed by Lennie. Georgers caretaking is another effect of co-dependency, Lenniers problem is that he is unable to care for himself because of his disability. In the 1930rs there wasnt much information in regards to mental handicaps like Lennie. This lack of understanding by people at this time in history is what scares George. George wants to help Lennie so much that he does so to the point of giving up who he is. According to Darlene Lancer, a Mental Health Therapist, it is natural for people to feel empathy for someone, but individuals who are co-dependent put others needs well before their own. The individuals who dominated the relationship, in this instance George, would suffer from resentment toward his companion and guilt for feeling angered toward him. Which is exactly what George does with Lennie. In Michael J. Meyerrs One is the Loneliest Number: Steinbeckrs Paradoxical Attraction and Repulsion to Isolation/Solitude he states that, George often finds his companion to be more of a trial than a blessing since his mentally challenged friend impedes [George] from the pleasures in life he most desires: eating good food, drinking whiskey, playing cards, shooting pool, and enjoying the sexual company of women. Such impositions anger George, and he is constantly contemplating how comfortable he would be if he did not have to worry about Lennie. (Meyer 298) This evidence supports the theory that George and Lennie are co-dependent. However, it is evident that George and Lennie do care deeply for each other. Their relationship being described as complicated at best. Georgers resentment paired with his guilt could be one of the main factors keeping them together. This dysfunctional relationship paired with the devastation of the Dust Bowl and Great Depression would prove difficult for the friends as they pursue their dream. As stated previously, George and Lennie had a shared dream. A dream that had developed over their time together. At times Lennie would pressure George to tell him the story of their ranch. The ranch they were working toward purchasing. George would describe the land has lush, with crops they can tend to. As well as having rabbits for Lennie to tend to because Lennie has a penchant for soft things. Their shared dream epitomizes Adamrs The Epic of America. The importance of this dream is the driving force that keeps them going in a time in history when all anyone wanted to do was give up. Itrs also an enabling tool George uses to sooth Lennie, further cementing his role as Lenniers caretaker. Most importantly, the story and its details have important meaning for the pair. The land represents freedom. Freedom from having a boss, freedom from the brutalities of the world and its people. It offers a sustainable resource for food and shelter, if Lennie were to cause trouble there, they wouldnt have to leave. They could handle it internally, since they would become their own boss. The ranch offerrs the men the opportunity to make their lives richer and better as Adams had suggested in The Epic of America. However, purchasing land during this point in America history was almost impossible with the lack of employment opportunity as previously mentioned. With the Great Depression the deck was stacked against George and Lennie. Everyone was looking for work. Everyone wanted the same comforts as George and Lennie. The few people that could afford to hire workers paid meager wages. The situation left George and Lennie making attempts to save their earnings. However, there were times that George would spend their savings on creature comforts. He would go out and drink or spend their savings on other frivolous things. He spent it because in the back of his mind he knew that it was only a dream. It wasnt going to come true. The idea of actually saving enough money to purchase the land lead him to the fear that they could fail. For George it was better to keep it a dream. It was easier to say that they werent making enough, or to blame Lennie for his incompetence when they had to move on. It was easier because it kept them from failing. Keeping it as a dream offered George a respite from all the ugliness the world had to offer at that time. As much as the story was used to sooth Lennie, it also soothed George. This is where the hopes of both men become entwined. It would further solidify their bond as friends and deepen Georgers co-dependency with Lennie. When the two get to their next work site they find comradery with the existing ranch hands. Most of them face the same issues as George and Lennie. All wanting a safe place. All wanting freedom and an opportunity to prosper. When they hear George and Lenniers plan to buy land and start their own ranch many of the men are seduced by it. At one point Candy, a fellow ranch worker, offers to join the menrs venture. This offer suddenly makes their dream a reality. George can no longer dismiss the idea as impossible. When this offer is made George is finally able to realize his dream and make real efforts to reach their goal. Plain and simple. It was their dream together, they both came up with it. They both helped shaped the idea of their utopia. Lennie wanted rabbits, George just wanted to own and work their own land. For George it can be said that just having the land and working it wasnt just about possession. The land represented the freedom America boasts so much about. With the land comes stability, a place to call your own no matter what. Granted there are certain assurances they would have to go through to keep their land but otherwise it was theirs to do with as they saw fit. Thatrs what George wanted, a place of his and Lenniers. The emphasis is ?AND Lennie, without Lennie, there wouldnt really be a point for George to own the land, George would have no one to care for. No one to shelter and no one to love. Despite the comfort and stability the land would offer George, he is still able bodied with an able mind. He can thrive in the world that was shaped by the tragedies of the Dust Bowl and The Great Depression. He would be okay without a home, traveling from place to place. Whereas his companion Lennie would otherwise suffer. Without George there was a very good chance that Lennie would have done something that would cause authorities or un-understanding people to put Lennie in a sanatorium or jail. Today it is understood that both of these places in this time of history where riddled with mismanagement and mistreatment of their patients or inmates. Often times treated inhumanly. Or the other option would be that Lennie would be tried for his crimes and killed as a result. George understood that some people would act with prejudice towards Lennie. It is a fear that keeps him from abandoning Lennie. He would rather flee with Lennie than risk a chance of him being treated unfairly. This is another factor that keeps the two from separating. It has been established that Lennie suffers from mental health issues that hold him back. Lennie is unable to remember anything. He is also unable to comprehend serious situations. There is an instances in Steinbeckrs Of Mice and Men when Lennie has a mouse. Lennie would pet the mouse because it was soft and this feeling offered him comfort. However, it isnt until later that itrs discovered, Lennie had killed the mouse. There came a time when the mouse bit Lennie and as a reaction Lennie had pinched its head. Lennie fails to realize his own strength. This moment in particular is important. Itrs important because it demonstrates Lenniers inability to comprehend death and the consequences of his actions. The death of this mouse isnt the first instance of Lenniers negligent actions. It has been cited throughout the novel that there have been several instances similar to the mouse. Lennie has killed a puppy in his excitement. Another situation involved Lennie hurting a woman in a previous town George and he worked in. With Lennie being an exceptionally special case because of his mental illness it could be argued that he could learn from his mistake despite his set back. Lennie is capable of physical labor. Lennie understands the importance of owning their own land and the benefits it brings. Lennie is compassionate as demonstrated when he tells George that he could have all the ketchup for his beans if he wanted. These examples show that Lennie can learn if given the chance. Rather than have Lennie face the consequences of his actions and learn from them, George rescues him. George enables Lennie under the guise of helping him. The reality is, although with good intentions, George is further stunting Lenniers growth out of fear of society treating him unfairly. Darlene Lancer has stated that it is easier for the dominating person in the co-dependent relationship to fix themselves rather than the let the other figure it out and work through the problem themselves. George then justifies his action because of Lenniers mental health issue.